Jackie Joyner-Kersee Biography Olympic Athlete

Born Jacqueline Joyner, Jackie Joyner-Kersee (born March 3, 1962) is an American track and field athlete. With a decorated career spanning from the 1980s until 2001, she set several records in her specialties (the heptathlon and the long jump) and won a great number of championships and recognitions over the years. Fast Facts: Jackie Joyner-Kersee Full Name:  Jacqueline Joyner-Kersee (neà ¨ Jacqueline Joyner)Occupation: Track and field athleteBorn: May 3, 1962 in East St. Louis, IllinoisKnown For: One of the greatest athletes of the 20th century, Joyner-Kersee won six Olympic medals and several other championships and set records in the heptathlon and long jump.Spouse: Bob Kersee (m. 1986) Early Life Jackie Joyner-Kersee was born in 1962 in East St. Louis, Illinois. She is the second child and eldest daughter of Alfred and Mary Joyner. Her parents were still in their teens at the time, and struggled to provide for their growing family; Mary became a nurses aide, while Alfred worked in construction. They christened their first daughter Jacqueline after then-first-lady Jacqueline Kennedy. The family story is that one of her grandmothers had declared, Some day this girl will be the first lady of something. The Joyners went on to have two more daughters, Angela and Deborah. As a teen, Jackie was growing up too fast for Mary, who knew the difficulty of life as a teenage mother. Mary told Jackie and her older brother, Al, that they couldnt date until they were 18. Jackie and Al focused on athletics instead of dating. Jackie enrolled in the new track program at the local Mary Brown Community Center, where she had been studying modern dance. Jackie was apparently inspired after seeing a documentary about Babe Didrikson Zaharias, the trailblazing track star and golfer. Zaharias was named the greatest female athlete of the first half of the 20th century. In a moment of everything coming full circle, when Sports Illustrated for Women ranked the greatest female athletes of the century, Zaharias was chosen for second place - just behind Joyner-Kersee. Al, who went on to win gold at the 1984 Olympics and marry star runner Florence Griffith, became Jackies training partner and support, and vice versa. Al Joyner recalls that I remember Jackie and me crying together in a back room in that house, swearing that someday we were going to make it. Make it out. Make things different. Rising Star Jackie didnt win many races at first, but she became inspired when she watched the 1976 Summer Olympics on television, and decided that I wanted to go. I wanted to be on TV, too. At the age of 14, Jackie won the first of four straight national junior pentathlon championships. At Lincoln High School she was a state champion in both track and basketball - the Lincoln High girls team won by an average of more than 52 points per game in her senior year. She also played volleyball and encouraged her brother in his athletic career, and she graduated in the top ten percent of her class. Jackie chose to attend the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) on a basketball scholarship, entering in the fall of 1980. That year, her mother died, suddenly, at 37, from meningitis. After her mothers funeral, Jackie determined to work even harder, to honor her mothers desire for her success. When she returned to college, she was offered support by Bob Kersee, an assistant track coach. Kersee saw Jackies all-round athletic potential and convinced her that multi-event track should be her sport. He was so sure of her talent that he threatened to quit his job if the university did not allow her to switch from basketball to the heptathlon. The university agreed, and Kersee became Joyners coach. Olympic and Later Career In 1984, at the Los Angeles Summer Olympics, Jackie Joyner won the Olympic silver medal in the heptathlon. In 1985, she set an American record in the long jump, at 23 ft. 9 in. (7.45 m.). On January 11, 1986, she married Bob Kersee and changed her name to Jackie Joyner-Kersee. She went on that year to set a new world record in the heptathlon at the Goodwill Games in Moscow, with 7,148 points, becoming first woman to surpass 7,000 points. She beat her own record just three weeks later, scoring 7,158 points in the U.S. Olympic Festival in Houston, Texas. For these achievements, she received both the James E. Sullivan Award and the Jesse Owens Award for 1986. Jackie Joyner-Kersee celebrating after a 1985 competition. Photo: Tony Duffy / Getty Images. Getty Images / Tony Duffy Jackie Joyner-Kersee won many more events, titles and awards over the next fifteen years. She returned to the Olympics three more times, in 1988, 1992, and 1996, ending her career with six Olympic medals: three golds, a silver, and two bronzes. At the World Championships, she was a two-time gold medalist in the heptathlon and in the long jump. She retired from track field competition on February 1, 2001, after failing to qualify for the 2000 Olympics. Among her athletic honors are: Women in Sport Trophy, International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2007USA Track Field (USATF) Hall of Fame, 2004International Womens Sports Hall of Fame, 1993Athlete of the Year (first woman chosen for this honor), Sporting News, 1988Sportswoman of the Year, US Olympic Committee (USOC), 1987Female Athlete of the Year, Associated Press, 1987Woman Athlete of the Year, Track Field News, 1986, 1987, 1994Broderick Cup (top female collegiate athlete in US), American Athletic Union (AAU), 1984-85 Joyner-Kersee posted the six highest scores ever earned in the heptathlon. Her top score is 7,291, which won her the gold medal at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. After her competitive career came to an end, Joyner-Kersee turned her attention to philanthropic work. Back in 1988, she had created the Jackie Joyner-Kersee Foundation, an organization founded to provide youth, adults, and families with the resources to improve their quality of life and to enhance communities worldwide. In 2000, the foundation opened the Jackie Joyner-Kersee Center in Joyner-Kersees hometown of East St. Louis, Illinois. The JJK Center provides services to thousands of families and youth in the metropolitan St. Louis area. Joyner-Kersee also travels widely as a motivational speaker. Along with several other legendary athletes, including Andre Agassi, Muhammed Ali, Tony Hawk, Jeff Gordon, and Mia Hamm, Joyner-Kersee co-founded the organization Athletes For Hope in 2007. The charity works to encourage professional athletes to get involved in their communities and in charitable causes, while also connecting non-athletes to get involved with their home communities and make a difference. Sources Brunner, Jeryl.  Legendary Track and Field Olympian Jackie Joyner-Kersee Shares The Best Advice Shes Ever Gotten.  Forbes, 6 Oct. 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jerylbrunner/2017/10/06/legendary-track-and-field-olympian-jackie-joyner-kersee-shares-the-best-advice-shes-ever-gotten/#31aab16d3c3aJackie Joyner-Kersee. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14 Dec. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jackie-Joyner-KerseeLansbury, Jennifer H.  A Spectacular Leap: Black Women Athletes in Twentieth-Century America. , 2014.

Boeing Organizational Culture and Structure - 1493 Words

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND STRUCTURE 2 Boeing: Organizational Culture and Structure Jory Authement MGMT312 Management Theory and Practices Professor Stephen Stewart April 22, 2014 Before we can begin a discussion on the cultural dynamics within the Boeing Company, it is imperative that we define and briefly elaborate about the foundational structures of the company, and its core values. Both of which has a direct impact in the development of its culture.. Being that Boeing has remote multinational locations, and also has satellite locations throughout the United States; Boeing utilizes a combination of two organizational structures, the network structure and hierarchal structure. Logically, due to Boeings global footprint, Boeings†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it included a supporting cast of other values such as integrity. Integrity in simplest terms is doing the right thing even when its most inconvenient. To Boeings customers integrity means that Boeing honors its commitments. It also has ethical connotations towards Boeings standards of leadership and workplace environment; that its managers and employees will lead by example and when challenged, will always take the high road by ensuring fairness and respect in the working environment. Boeing also has a strong commitment to setting the industrys highest quality assurance on its products. Quality, how does Boeing establish and maintain quality? Previously we discussed leadership development; in nearly the same process of development, Boeings leaders take their acquired knowledge and skills and pass it on to their employees. Through this continual cycle of education allows Boeing to maintain a competitive advantage. Another of Boeings core values is safety. Safety at Boeing is paramount. Boeing states, We value human life and health above all else and take action accordingly to maintain the safety of our workplaces, products and services. 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Which Strategies for Conflict Resolution Would You Employ Free Essays

Cathal McCabe PO4107 Id# 085475 Word count: 3290 Which strategies for conflict resolution would you employ in cases of violent ethnic conflict? Explain why giving examples of success and or failure. 3,534 in Northern Ireland. Approximately 140,000 in Former Yugoslavia. We will write a custom essay sample on Which Strategies for Conflict Resolution Would You Employ? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Approximately 800,000 in Rwanda. The list goes on. Violent ethnic conflict is simply a harsh reality of life that has cost millions of innocent civilians their lives. We have witnessed its atrocities first hand in our lifetimes, and have sometimes felt powerless as individuals to curtail it. We can employ successful strategies for conflict resolution but the question really is how do we implement them successfully? There are strategies working, but the key now is to identify the successful strategies and be quicker to implement them in the future. In July 2010 Stefan Wolff declared that casualties from ethnic conflict have decreased by two-thirds in just over a decade – 12,000 killed in ethnic wars of 1997/1998, today this figure stands at just over 4,000 (Wolff, 2010). Ethnic conflict is unlikely to ever go away, but the death toll has reduced somewhat. Is reducing the death toll the best success we can hope for in resolving conflict? Will ethnic conflict ever go way or can we only moderate the violence? Have we eventually learned that war is not the answer or have we simply become more efficient at peacekeeping? Are these deaths simply down to ethnic pride or is there another reason which spurs man on to kill his own people? This essay will attempt to determine the true meaning and motives for ethnic conflict. It will then examine what the â€Å"strategies† for resolving ethnic conflict are, and examine the application of these strategies as the causes and resolutions to various conflicts throughout the globe. It will draw a helpful analysis of the cases of Rwanda as a failure and Northern Ireland as a success and what we can learn from it. Ultimately it will try and discover what the best strategies for conflict resolution are in order to minimise the trail of destruction left behind by violent ethnic conflict†¦ US President John Adams once asked â€Å"Do I have to study politics and war so that my sons may have the liberty to study mathematics and philosophy†? We must first look into the reasoning of ethnic conflict before we can achieve peace and freedom. The theories behind the motives for violent ethnic conflict are rooted in the origins of nationalism. Connor Walker describes the nation state as â€Å"a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit† (Walker, 2004, P. 2). Theorists argue that this is an evolution from the simple meaning of the word â€Å"nation† (a community that share a common ancestry) per se. Ethnic conflict may simply be a process of evolution as nations look to establish themselves and represent a community of belonged people -the citizens. Perhaps there must be a common bond for a nation to remain at peace. Anthony Smith notes that ‘not only must nations be founded upon ethnic cores if they are to endure’ (Smith, 1986, p. 207). Therefore if a nation is colonised or artificially planted with a different tribe, a friction is likely to occur. This of course is the starting point of ethnic war. Ethnic violence ensues. By studying the origins of their motives we can understand their ailment better and it’s then easier to cure. The very first rule in employing successful strategies is having a deep understanding of the motives of the conflict. Engaging in conflict resolution without knowing the full purposes of the conflict is political recklessness. We must sympathise before we can strategize (Hutchinson, Breuilly, and Smith, 1994, P. 104). Nationalism and ethnic identity are the core tenets of ethnic conflict hence the phrase â€Å"ethno-nationalism†. Extreme nationalists will harbour a need for identity and this involves being amongst their own citizens. It is these very people, extreme nationalists, who are the principle actors in ethnic conflict; it’s essentially a mass crusade driven by unsatisfied nationalists (Hastings, 1997, p. 27). Ethnic conflict therefore is in lay man’s terms is the struggle for man to be amongst his own people in a community. Furthermore they are likely to want this community to be the chief and sole power in a nation as in the case of the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda. The one question that remains to be answered however is why experts believe that ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the Cold war? Academics like Samuel Huntington predicted a proliferation of conflicts fuelled by tribalism, resource scarcity and overpopulation (Huntington, 1993, P. 2). The reality is that this period witnessed a rise in ethnically-informed secessionist movements – mainly in the former communist states like in Former Yugoslavia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Wallensteen and Sollenberg hold that â€Å"the displacements of capitalist states were accompanied by a decline in total warfare, ethnic wars and the number of refugees and displaced persons† (Wallensteen and Sollenberg, 1995 , P. 350). Ethnic conflict certainly seems to be a â€Å"new phrase† but the reality is that unrest and disillusionment always occurred in states. It’s also a certainty that it’s in man’s natural instinct to defend himself and what he loves until he is secure and established – much like his state. Each case of violent ethnic conflict is different, but the motives remain largely the same. Those who plan strategies for ethnic conflict should be well briefed on the case. Understanding is crucial; otherwise the results are severe†¦ There are common themes in the raison d’etre of ethnic nationalist violence – lack of belonging, lack of understanding and a lack of true leadership. Edward Everett once said that â€Å"education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army†. It’s the very people who commit the atrocities that don’t have these basic needs. The case of Rwanda provides us with the perfect breeding ground for violent ethnic conflict – uneducated peoples led by a brainwashed Government. In April 1994 two tribes strived for these basic needs as a longstanding ethnic struggle culminated with 20% of an entire population being wiped out by genocide. This case provides us with all the ingredients of mismanagement of conflict strategy which only coerced further violence – approximately 800,000 deaths in just over 100 days. It was managed so badly that it prompted former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan to declare in 2000 that â€Å"the international community failed Rwanda and that must always leave us with a bitter sense of regret† (Doyle, BBC, 2004). In this case the minority Tutsi tribe were overthrown by the Hutu tribe in the rebellion of 1959-62. The Tutsi tribe looked to seize back power when the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front – a Tutsi dominated rebel group) invaded Rwanda from the Ugandan border. The small East African country was in crisis until an eventual ceasefire in 1993 with assistance from neighbours Tanzania. This however came to an abrupt end in April 1994 when leader Habyarimana was assassinated by the RPF leader Paul Kagame (Hintjens, 2008, P. 5-7). The Hutu’s responded with mass slaughter (genocide) of the Tutsi’s and their own people who they believed to be collaborationists. The ceasefire in 1993 provided Rwanda with an opportunity to resolve the conflict peacefully but as we will see the Government provided weak strategies to consolidate the peace. The only solace we can take from 1994 is what we can learn from it in order to strategize better in the future. All the elements are present to encourage violent ethnic conflict; the strategies employed only incited more violence. In Rwanda there was a lack of education at all levels, from the people on the ground right up to brainwashed Government officials who were obsessed by power and sought to accomplish it all costs. Education comes from liberal thinking, being open to a variety of sources and having the resources in place to attain this (Dewey, 1994, P2). None of this was possible in a country of authoritarian rule with little choice or democracy for voters. The then incumbent Prime Minister Jean Kambanda revealed in his testimony before the International Criminal Tribunal that genocide was openly discussed at cabinet meetings, and that the people believed that Rwanda’s problems would be over without the Tutsi (Doyle, BBC 2004). The people were blinded by myths; they believed that peace pacifists were collaborating with the other side. A large part of this comes down to how the media was run. The Hutu’s controlled the radio and the many who could not read bought into their propaganda campaign (Melvern, 2006, P. 7). For those who could read would read the Hutu run journal â€Å"Kangura†, and its â€Å"ten commandments†, one of which being â€Å"the Hutu should have no mercy on the Tutsi’s† (Melvern, 2004, P. 49). The ancestral divide in Rwanda called for conflict resolving strategies to be put in place. Instead the authorities increased the divide by insisting on â€Å"tribal ID’s† and encouraging identification myths about the other tribe such as skin colour etc. The Government for their part organised two militia groups to assist the killings – the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi (Melvern, 2006, pp. 4-27). We can still see the effects of poor leadership today as Libya has been torn apart under the Gaddafi regime. Ethnic conflict like this highlights the importance of citizens to fight for democracy, to fight for freedom, and fight for choice. The leader of a country has a monumental bearing on the outcomes of a nation. We must fight for our freedo m to choose. This involves participating in democracy to help maintain it (Diamond, 2009, P. 12). Strategy starts on the ground with the citizens; afterwards power is vested in the Government. Unfortunately in Rwanda a corrupt power influenced the media, which in turn corrupted an unwitting population. Sometimes history and circumstances can be unfortunate on a country like Rwanda and the people may have little choice. A country in trouble may often require outside assistance to attain peace. This is a major factor why Rwanda failed and Kofi Annan’s words pay testament to this. In their hour of need Tanzania, other neighbouring countries and the UN were helpless. Rwanda was ultimately left with nothing but warmongering strategies and this is why it failed. A case like Rwanda needs outside help, and hopefully we have learned to be more responsive. Unfortunately the circumstances were ideal for genocide in Rwanda which probably afforded the outside forces with little chance. Ultimately there was no democracy in the strategy in Rwanda. The natives and outside forces were powerless to strategize effectively and the result is a lesson we must take to future conflicts. The Northern Irish story began in 1609 with the Ulster plantations, but it’s â€Å"The Troubles† which are commonly understood as beginning in the sixties (McGarry, O’Leary, 1995, P. 18). The violence was led by the armed campaigns of the IRA (Irish Republican Army) and UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force). Alongside the violence, there was a political deadlock between the major political parties in Northern Ireland over the future status of Northern Ireland and the prospective form of government. On learning from the case of Rwanda we now can now examine successful strategies for conflict resolution. . In May 2007 two men from contrasting backgrounds (Martin McGuinness and Ian Paisley) met at Stormont and finally shook hands, sealing a horrible conflict that sentenced 3,534 people to early deaths. However 4 years later on June 20th of this year and the violence threatened to escalate again†¦ Attaining peace may be a greater challenge than ever in two communities of disenfranchised people. Assuming that fair democracy is being practiced the responsibility now rests with the powers that be – the Government. The role of the leader is central, a leader is the figurehead for an interest group and his/her attitude towards a conflict will be examined carefully (Ackerman, 2002, p. 32). In 1997 Ireland and Britain elected new Governments. Both leaders Bertie Ahern and Tony Blair made the Northern question a priority. Tony Blair’s first reaction in the North was to hand down the gauntlet to the IRA who refused to abide by a ceasefire at the time (incidentally a year before the Omagh bombings). Tony Blair stated â€Å"my message to Sinn Fein is clear. The settlement train is leaving. I want you on that train. But it is leaving anyway and I will not allow it to wait for you†. The impetus that the new leaders brought to the table was a positive strategy; they brought a renewed energy and innovation reinvigorating the campaign. The primary strategy for solving conflict is peace-talks and negotiation. This involves compromises, consensus-building and some level of mutual trust. The party leader must earn this and their personality is a key factor in an attempt to reach an agreement. A peace agreement or accord is a formal commitment between hostile parties to end a war. In the North a simple ceasefire wasn’t enough, a state with its own Government had to be established (Bew, 1994, p. 32). Regardless of the political decisions made, negotiators have to prepare for â€Å"spoilers† (groups that have an interest in sabotaging the process) and public rejection of settlements. When the public has experienced significant trauma, it may not be ready to make compromises or accept a negotiated solution, as happened repeatedly in the North. It is the task of the leadership to generate support for peace. The personality of the parties involved is a very significant in making peace talks a successful strategy. Peace talks are the primary means of conflict resolution so it could be said that appointing the right negotiation team is a fundamental strategy to success, which thankfully it was in May 2007. Leaders have a role to play outside of peace talks too. The â€Å"ambassadorial† role in everyday society involves sharing with people who have suffered. Diplomacy is at the heart of conflict resolution strategy. It shows that a Government cares and is still in control in a society that still abides by law and order. In August 1998, Mary McAleese walked the streets of Omagh consoling the victims, while her husband Martin visited familes of UVF militants. This showed that they were not isolated but that the World cared, Ireland cared and there was an urgency to end the conflict. This was above strategy, it made strategy essential. Peace had to be achieved, and the leaders were relentless until it was achieved. Dr. Matt Cannon explained the need for a multi-level approach at a lecture in October. This involves all levels of the community coming together, the Government uniting and external sources showing interest in resolving conflict (Cannon, 2011). All tiers are uniting to create a powerful peace-building team. In Guatemala and Northern Ireland, civil society forums were established to promote wider societal involvement in the peace process. The terms â€Å"third side† or â€Å"track three† are sometimes used to describe the effort of engaging and uniting individuals at the community level to generate â€Å"people’s power,† public opinion and coalitions in support of peace. In Northern Ireland the communities have come together to rally against the violence and promote peace which is a massive help to the process. One practical example was the replacement of sectarian murals with peace-walls. A common memory and identity is now being created in Northern Ireland. A segregated community is being replaced by a common identity. Both sides are remembering each other’s losses and giving up something for the common good. There is now evidence of shared features such as memorials, museums and holidays which are also finally being reflected by a common Government. Dennis Murray worked for most of his career as Northern Ireland correspondent for the BBC. This September BBC filmed a documentary covering his reporting of the Troubles. The documentary finished with Murray’s parting thought – â€Å"we can’t build a new future without unravelling the past. The story of conflict in Northern Ireland will never finish† (From Our Ireland correspondent, 2011). The case of the Troubles is as close as we may ever come to conflict resolution and it’s equally fascinating to analyse the strategies employed in this quest. The strategy that now needs to be employed in the North is maintaining peace. There may be no textbook strategy to resolving conflict; it is an ongoing effort to maintain peace in Northern Ireland. Each case is different. Peacemaking in Northern Ireland is a model for resolving ethnic conflict resolution throughout the World. The one factor that appears to be in Northern Ireland’s favour as opposed to Rwanda however is that Northern Ireland was a developed country with a better environment to carry out a conflict resolution. The first virtues in successful conflict resolution are patience and persistence. In Northern Ireland there was a persistence to achieve an end to violence and achieve peace by successful political means. The security forces in Northern Ireland enforced the law. This strategy of law enforcement brought the paramilitaries to realisation that they could not win (Ruane and Todd, 1996, P. 17). There was no overnight solution to ending the violence. The British Government admitted that the IRA could not be eliminated militarily. Utimately ethnic violence is a force. It requires a strong team to defeat it. International interest strengthens a peacebuilding team massively. Bill Clinton’s regime shared an interest in the Troubles and appointed George Mitchell as special envoy. He was presented with the Liberty Medal in 1998, where he stated: â€Å"I believe there’s no such thing as a conflict that can’t be ended. They’re created and sustained by human beings. They can be ended by human beings. No matter how ancient the conflict, no matter how hateful, no matter how hurtful, peace can prevail† (Mitchell, 1998). Northern Ireland now had a combat team, this is where Rwanda failed where external sources were powerless. A case of violent ethnic conflict that becomes unmanageable is referred to the UN. The United Nations was established to replace the flawed League of Nations in 1945 in order to maintain international peace and promote cooperation. Peacekeeping is a primary mission on the UN with the aim of helping countries torn by conflict and creating the conditions for lasting peace. It is the last resort following peacemaking and peacebuilding (Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, 2004, P. 5). The United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorise peacekeeping operations. The role of peacekeepers is to help uphold any agreements made during peacetalks. Peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Another viewpoint raises the problem that the peacekeeping may soften the troops and erode their combat ability, as the mission profile of a peacekeeping contingent is totally different from the profile of a unit fighting an all-out war. Before peacekeepers should be deployed theUN has a role in providing assistance in the development of human rights an democracy in the various countries and preventing these countries from becoming a breeding ground for ethnic conflict like Rwanda was (Jasper, 2001, P89). The UN also has a role to encourage more women to become involved in conflict resolution. The lack of involvement for women has a negative impact on resolving conflict and in society. In this essay we have seen what works as successful strategies for conflict resolution. First of all we must be vigilant and defend democracy – preventing conflict from occuring in the first place. We must also uphold law and order as a combat to violence. We must participate in peace and democracy and elect the right leaders and believe in their charismea and diplomacy to solve conflict. We must also acknowledge the roles of member and identity in building an imagined community as part of a three-tier approach. The top tier of UN involvement is only required in times of desperation. Ultimately ethno-nationalism will never go away but violence can. As George Mitchell declared on appointment â€Å"there is no place for violence at the table of democracy†. Bibliography Ackerman R (2002), The Wounded Leader: How Real Leadership Emerges in Times of Crisis, Jossey-Bass, P. 32 Bellamy A, Williams P, Griffin S (2004), Understanding Peacekeeping, Polity, P. 5 Bew P (1994), Ideology and the Irish question: Ulster unionism and Irish nationalism, 1912-1916, Oxford : OUP, P. 2 Cannon M (2011), â€Å"Achieving peace in Northern Ireland†, Speech on October 25th, University of Limerick. Dewey, John (1944). Democracy and Education, The Free Press. pp. 1–4 Diamond L (2009), The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World, St. Martin’s Griffin, P. 12. Doyle M, (2004-03-26), UN chief’s Rwanda genocide regret, BBC, available: http://news. bbc . co. uk/2/hi/africa/3573229. stm [accessed: 2011-11-12] Doyle M (2004-03-26), Ex-Rwandan PM reveals genocide planning, BBC, available: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/africa/3572887. tm [accessed: 2011-11-12] From our Ireland correspondent (2011), BBC, Monday 3 October at 10. 35pm Hastings, Adrian, (1997), â€Å"The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion, and nationalism†, Cambridge Press, P27. Hintjens Helen, (2008), ‘Post-genocide identity politics in Rwanda’ Ethnicities, Vol. 8, No. 1, P. 5-7 Hutchinson, Breuilly, and Smith (1994), Nationalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, P. 104 Huntington, Samuel (1993) The clash of civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72(3), pp. 22-49 Jasper W (2001), United Nations exposed, John Birch Society, P. 9 McGarry, J, O’Leary B (1995) Explaining Northern Ireland. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 18 Melvern, Linda, (2004) Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide, 1st ed. London: Verso, 2004, P. 49 Melvern, Linda, (2006), C onspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide, 2nd. ed. , London: Verso, P. 7 Mitchell G (1998), Liberty Medal acceptance speech, speech on July 4, 1998. Available: http://www. constitutioncenter. org/libertymedal/recipient_1998. html [accessed: 2011-10-08] Ruane, J and Todd J (1996) The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 17 Smith, Anthony (1986) The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell. Wallensteen P and Sollenberg M (1995) After the Cold War: Emerging patterns of armed conflict 1989-94, Journal of Peace Research 32(3), pp. 345-360 Walker C (2004), The Timelessness of Nations. Nations and Nationalism, New York: Alfred Knopf. Wolff S (2010), â€Å"There is no good news about ethnic conflict and civil war†¦or is there? †, Speech in July 2010, Oxford, Available: http://www. frequency. com/video/stefan-wolff/506736? raw=true [accessed: 2011-10-23] How to cite Which Strategies for Conflict Resolution Would You Employ?, Essay examples

Corporate Governance Theories Micro Theories

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance Theories for Micro Theories. Answer: Introduction In this study the researcher will highlight the issues related to the famous motor car manufacturer Volkswagen and their several scandals in the competitive market. To mitigate the scandal and to make an effective effort in the market place the management of the organisation needs to implement some effectual accounting theories in their business. The essential hypotheses of accounting are detained collected by the calculated system of accounting. The calculated system, slice of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts, arrange targets of monetary reporting by organizations. By seeing how some essential accounting theory fit into the reasonable system, researcher can decide the hypothetical reinforcements of financial accounting guidelines and standards. The overall study is based on the accounting theories and its examples regarding the Volkswagen car manufacturer (Charreaux, n.d.). In this essay the researcher has discussed about the pos sible issues related to the accounting and financial perspective of the organisation and how it can affect the stakeholders of the organisation. In this essay the researcher has depicted the usefulness and qualitative characteristics of the organisation and the conceptual framework for the accounting theories which promotes the information regarding the financial perspective of the organisation like Volkswagen and its relevant, comparable and reliable data. Main body Analysis The Volkswagen case is likewise a case of how business commands approach making. Governmental issues shape corporate administration by setting decides that organizations are bound by and budgetary motivating forces frequently assume a vast part in outlining political inclinations. Volkswagen's accomplishments declares to the direct differing of supportability. This is rigid to predict how VW's superiors could contemplate these actions would assist their relationship to display over the extended haul (KANGER, 2008). Intentionally captivating directors and purchasers can have helped their prompt requirements, however it traded off the necessities of forthcoming periods. Proprietors, chiefs, and specialists are in charge of getting the laws and directions they need to people in general field to get their favoured corporate administration result. Shareholder philosophy says that directors have the commitment to expand the rate of return and they are regularly the ones who need to face ir reconcilable circumstances whether it is from wellsprings of wage or irreconcilable situations from partitioned shareholders or open/social objectives (Derman, n.d.). It is hard to envision how VW's supervisors could think these activities would help their association to flourish over the long haul. Deliberately deluding controllers and shoppers may have served their quick needs, however it traded off the requirements of future eras. On the off chance that corporate administration reporting principles are high, then it will be more troublesome for organizations to submit misrepresentation later on. On explanation of VW, the motivation to misapply ecological organizers was huge and the controlling board's apparently delighted unfamiliarity this was in because of the organization's improvement. Volkswagen emission scandal is one of the major scandals for the organisation. For this position equal to 11 million wide-reaching purchasers are possibly inclined. This is perhaps an extraordinary bulk business rights distress regarding balance and character hardship. Monetary supportability is about strength. Economical organizations can survive stuns, whether from monetary emergencies or characteristic calamities. This strength originates from solid associations with their representatives, their groups, and the earth. Whatever the case may be, enquiries stay with reference to whether this occurrence will generally transfo rmation how establishments are outing (Hillman, McCool and Williams, 2009). Due to the several scandals in the market the stakeholders of the company like Volkswagen are affected in several aspects in their business process. The main stakeholders of the organisation are customers, employees, dealers, shareholders, executives and the management staffs of the organisation. Customers of the organisation face several difficulties in the stage of scandal period within the organisation. The customers are dealing with the recall hassles at the time of emission scandal. At the time of scandal period the customers of the organisation faces embarrassment and anger due to the buying of a less loyal and shiny car model in the market (Instructor accountability, 1976). Employees are the main stakeholder of the organisation. Due to the issues of the accountability the employees can face some difficulties in their dealing investigation and often they face some embracement in their business. The shareholder of the organisation has often suffering shocking in their business perspective. Most likely unrecoverable fairness losses, arranging for numerous types of rule suit in many jurisdictions in their business process. Manageable organizations abstain from conflicting with the very frameworks that guarantee their long haul achievement. Volkswagen's activities speak to the direct opposite of supportability (JOHNSON, 1978). Money associated manageability is approximately suppleness. Economical officialdoms can continue shocks, whether from budgetary disasters or characteristic mishaps. This versatility makes from compact connotations with their councils, their assemblies, and nature. Supportable administrations desist from inconsistent with the exact outlines that promise their extensive haul accomplishment. In this study the researcher challenge to instruct the replacements to realise the obscurity of executive basic control. Trade pioneers want to arise to these trade-offs, not contempt them. Maintainability and business social responsibility are problematic. All chief opposes trade-offs among the temporary and the extended haul, among periodical welfares and supplementary drawn out term usual consequence, among their annual pay and the subsistence of the corporate. The three segments that support awesome activity are character, capacities and obligation. If any of these is insufficient with respect to, the deficiency will undermine exchange segments and, finally, incite execution issues for pioneers, affiliations and their accomplices (Hillman, McCool and Williams, 2009). Even though it is quiet too early to know where to lay the flaw in the VW insult, power disillusionments of this compose are consistently on account of a mistake in character, not a nonattendance of abilities or obligation (Poythress, 2013). In the circumstances of Volkswagen, the superiors were exceptionally qualified people incorporated by impressive associates. There was no deficiency of issue mastery. These associates generally had great ambition and a controlling compulsion to flourish. They controlled concerns with a sensitivity of criticalness. The individual moved nearer troubles with imperativeness and vitality. It's anything but difficult to trust that such pioneers will grow their associations and outpace industry rivals. Gas engines radiate extra carbon dioxide, whereas diesel engines, which are additional profitable n respect to the consumption of fuel. Diesel engine spread a great deal more nitrogen oxides (NOx) than gas engines. Since the demonstration of the US Clean Air Act of 1970, NOx releases are imperilled to additionally harsh pedals than COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ releases in this context, though over the river, COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ is extra inflexibly measured than NOx. By the help of different accountability theories the organisation like Volkswagen can mitigate their risk and issue related to their business prospects (Schiffer, 1993). Diesel is better acknowledged in Europe rather than from America, in gigantic portion as an outcome of ecological challenging measures. Consequently diesel engine cars formulates 33% of the tourist car armada in the countries like Europe, conversely it is a qualified misdeed within the U.S. On one occasion a trial was distinguished, the invention would diminutio n torque and NOx releases, whereas under common circumstances, that is the fact at which the motor vehicle was not being tried for discharges, the automobile would be directed by an altered mission that would increase fast-moving, torque, and travelling distance. Conclusion Volkswagen focused on a technique that, if uncovered, was continually going to wreck for both their primary concern and their notoriety. Volkswagen, which makes a considerable lot of the brutes, contrived and announced a code employed as a "thrashing gadget" to sagacity when one of its diesel vehicles was being tried for nitrogen oxide discharges test (Poythress, 2013).They modified their autos to sidestep location. It wasn't an oversight or a mishap; it was a purposeful misleading when their entire image recommendation depends on security and natural cognizance. The cost of ecological security is everlasting and autonomous carefulness - alongside enhanced discharges tests in true conditions. At that point Volkswagen drivers may by and by have the capacity to glimmer each other peace signs without feeling like they're stifling the planet. References Charreaux, G. (n.d.). Corporate Governance Theories: From Micro Theories to National Systems Theories. SSRN Electronic Journal. Derman, E. (n.d.). Metaphors, Models Theories. SSRN Electronic Journal. Hillman, R., McCool, T. and Williams, O. (2009). Troubled Asset Relief Program. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office. Instructor accountability. (1976). New York: National League for Nursing. JOHNSON, R. (1978). Jokes, Theories, Anthropology. Semiotica, 22(3-4). KANGER, S. (2008). Equivalent Theories. Theoria, 34(1), pp.1-6. Poythress, V. (2013). An information-based semiotic analysis of theories concerning theories. Semiotica, 2013(193). Schiffer, S. (1993). Compositional Supervenience Theories and Compositional Meaning Theories. Analysis, 53(1), p.24.